DNA vaccines encoding heat shock proteins

ABSTRACT

The present invention is related to a method of treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease by administering to an individual in need thereof an immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant construct of a nucleic acid sequence encoding heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), or an active fragment thereof, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences, and wherein the disease is other than insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), thereby treating the disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 10/994,152 filed Nov. 19, 2004, now abandoned which is a continuation of International application PCT/IL03/00417 filed May 21, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/381,821 filed May 21, 2002, the entire content of each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to recombinant constructs encoding heat shock proteins or active fragments thereof, effective in treating T cell mediated diseases including inflammatory autoimmune diseases by DNA vaccination. The present invention further relates to compositions and methods for treating T cell mediated diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

While the normal immune system is closely regulated, aberrations in immune responses are not uncommon. In some instances, the immune system functions inappropriately and reacts to a component of the host as if it were, in fact, foreign. Such a response results in an autoimmune disease, in which the host's immune system attacks the host's own tissue. T cells, as the primary regulators of the immune system, directly or indirectly effect such autoimmune pathologies. T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases refer to any condition in which an inappropriate T cell response is a component of the disease. This includes both diseases directly mediated by T cells, and also diseases in which an inappropriate T cell response contributes to the production of abnormal antibodies.

Numerous diseases are believed to result from autoimmune mechanisms. Prominent among these are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, Type I diabetes, myasthenia gravis and pemphigus vulgaris. Autoimmune diseases affect millions of individuals world-wide and the cost of these diseases, in terms of actual treatment expenditures and lost productivity, is measured in billions of dollars annually.

Adjuvant arthritis (AA) is an experimental autoimmune disease that models several features of human rheumatoid arthritis (1). AA is induced in Lewis rats by immunization with heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) suspended in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) (1). T-cell reactivity against the mycobacterial 65 kDa heat shock protein (HSP65) is involved in the progression of AA. HSP65-specific T-cells directed against an epitope formed by aa 180-188 (2) cross-react with a self-antigen present in cartilage (3) and can adoptively transfer AA (4, 5). However, vaccination with HSP65 or HSP65-peptides can also prevent the development of AA (6-11). The regulatory properties of HSP65 in AA are thought to involve the activation of T-cells cross-reactive with the endogenous 60 kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) (12). This hypothesis is supported by the finding that immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding human HSP60 (about 95% homologous to rat HSP60) prevents (13) or treats (14) AA. The inventor of the present invention have recently reported that DNA vaccination with human HSP60 prevents AA (15). Protection from AA was associated with the activation of T-cells responding to HSP60 (15). The human hsp60 molecule was formerly designated HSP65, but is now designated HSP60 in view of more accurate molecular weight information; by either designation, the protein is the same.

A preferable method for treating autoimmune diseases includes modulating the immune system of a patient to assist the patient's natural defense mechanisms. Traditional reagents and methods used to attempt to regulate an immune response in a patient also result in unwanted side effects and have limited effectiveness. For example, immunosuppressive reagents (e.g., cyclosporin A, azathioprine, and prednisone) used to treat patients with autoimmune diseases also suppress the patient's entire immune response, thereby increasing the risk of infection. In addition, immunopharmacological reagents used to treat cancer (e.g., interleukins) are short-lived in the circulation of a patient and are ineffective except in large doses. Due to the medical importance of immune regulation and the inadequacies of existing immunopharmacological reagents, reagents and methods to regulate specific parts of the immune system have been the subject of study for many years.

EP 262710 of Cohen et al. discloses the use of HSP65, or fragments thereof for the preparation of compositions for the alleviation, treatment and diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, especially arthritic conditions. EP 322990 of Cohen et al. discloses that a polypeptide having amino acid sequence 172-192 of HSP65 is capable of inducing resistance to auto-immune arthritis and similar auto-immune diseases. WO 92/04049 of Boog et al. discloses peptides derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein HSP-65 containing at least 7 amino acid residues and inhibits antigen recognition by T lymphocytes in treatment of arthritis and organ rejection.

WO 01/57056 of Karin discloses a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis. The method comprising the step of expressing within the individual at least an immunologically recognizable portion of a cytokine from an exogenous polynucleotide encoding at least a portion of the cytokine, wherein a level of expression of the at least a portion of the cytokine is sufficient to induce the formation of anti-cytokine immunoglobulins which serve for neutralizing or ameliorating the activity of a respective and/or cross reactive endogenous cytokine, to thereby treat rheumatoid arthritis. U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,420 to Karin and coworkers further discloses DNA cytokine vaccines and use of same for protective immunity against multiple sclerosis.

WO 02/16549 of Cohen et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention, relates to DNA vaccines useful for the prevention and treatment of ongoing autoimmune diseases. The compositions and methods of the invention feature the CpG oligonucleotide, preferably in a motif flanked by two 5′ purines and two 3′ pyrimidines. The vaccines optionally further comprise DNA encoding a peptide or a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Hsp60, p277 or p277 variants. That disclosure is directed to methods and compositions for the ameliorative treatment of ongoing autoimmune disease in general and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) in particular.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,803 discloses that when HSP60, or peptides and analogs thereof, are administered in a recipient subject before transplantation of an organ or tissue, autoimmunity to HSP60 is down-regulated, resulting in the prevention or suppression of graft rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.

WO 00/27870 of Naparstek and colleagues discloses a series of related peptides derived from heat shock proteins HSP65 and HSP60, their sequences, antibodies, and use as vaccines for conferring immunity against autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. These peptides are intended by the inventors to represent the shortest sequence or epitope that is involved in protection of susceptible rat strains against adjuvant induced arthritis. These sequences further disclose what the inventors identify as the common “protective motif”.

There exists a long-felt need for an effective means of curing or ameliorating T cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases. None of the background art discloses DNA vaccines encoding heat shock proteins for treating T cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Such a treatment should ideally control the inappropriate T cell response, rather than merely reducing the symptoms.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

DNA vaccination represents a novel and unexpectedly effective means of expressing antigen in vivo for the generation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. The present invention uses this technology to elicit protective immunity against T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. The compositions and methods of the present invention are effective in any T-cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease including but not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, collagen II arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune neuritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, juvenile onset diabetes, Sjogren's disease, thyroid disease, sarcoidosis, autoimmune uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's and ulcerative colitis) or autoimmune hepatitis.

In one aspect, the present invention is related to DNA vaccines encoding heat shock proteins for treating T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases. According to various specific embodiments of the present invention, the heat shock proteins are mammalian heat shock proteins, preferably the full-length heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), the full-length heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) or the full-length heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). The heat shock proteins according to the present invention are preferably human heat shock proteins, however other mammalian heat shock proteins are within the scope of the present invention.

According to various additional embodiments of the present invention, the DNA vaccines encode active fragments of HSP60, HSP70 or HSP90. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA vaccines encode active fragments of HSP60. Preferred fragments of HSP60 correspond to amino acids 1-140 of HSP60 (SEQ ID NO 1), amino acids 130-260 of HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:2) or amino acids 31-50 of HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:3).

The treatment with the DNA vaccines of the present invention provides long-term expression of specific heat shock proteins or active fragments thereof. Such long-term expression allows for the maintenance of an effective, but non-toxic, dose of the encoded polypeptides to treat the disease and limits the frequency of administration of the therapeutic composition needed to treat an animal. In addition, because of the lack of toxicity, therapeutic compositions of the present invention can be used in repeated treatments.

In another aspect, the present invention is related to novel recombinant constructs comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least part of a heat shock protein being operatively linked to at least one transcription control element. According to various embodiments of the present invention, the heat shock protein is a mammalian heat shock protein, preferably the full-length HSP60, the full-length HSP70 or the full-length HSP90. The heat shock proteins according to the present invention are preferably human heat shock proteins, however other mammalian heat shock proteins are within the scope of the present invention.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, the recombinant constructs encoding active fragments of HSP60, HSP70 or HSP90. In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant constructs encode active fragments of HSP60, said active fragments selected from: amino acids 1-140 of HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:1), amino acids 130-260 of HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:2) or amino acids 31-50 of HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:3), the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to at least one transcription control element.

According to various specific embodiments, the constructs of the present invention comprise at least one transcription control element selected from the group consisting of: RSV control sequences, CMV control sequences, retroviral LTR sequences, SV-40 control sequences and β-actin control sequences.

In another aspect, the present invention is related to an eukaryotic expression vector comprising the recombinant constructs of the present invention. According to various embodiments, the eukaryotic expression vector is selected from pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1 (+/−), pZeoSV2(+/−), pSecTag2, pDisplay, pEF/myc/cyto, pCMV/myc/cyto, pCR3.1, pCI, pBK-RSV, pBK-CMV and pTRES.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition effective for treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease, the composition comprising (a) a recombinant construct comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a heat shock protein, or an active fragment thereof, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encodes the full-length HSP60, the full-length HSP70 or the full-length HSP90. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an active fragment of HSP60, HSP70 or HSP90. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 1-140 of human HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:1). In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 130-260 of human HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:2). In yet another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 31-50 of human HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:3).

The pharmaceutical compositions comprising the recombinant constructs according to the present invention may advantageously comprise liposomes, micelles, emulsions or cells. Still further embodiments utilize a virus as is known in the art in order to introduce and express the nucleic acid sequences according to the present invention in the host cells.

In another aspect, the present invention is related to a method of inhibiting or preventing the symptoms of a T-cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease, the method comprising administering to an individual in need of said treatment, preferably a human individual, a therapeutic composition comprising a recombinant construct, said recombinant construct comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a heat shock protein, or a fragment thereof, thereby inhibiting or preventing the symptoms of said autoimmune disease.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encodes the full-length HSP60, the full-length HSP70 or the full-length HSP90, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to at least one transcription control element. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence corresponds to an active fragment of HSP60, HSP70 or HSP90. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence corresponds to amino acids 1-140 of human HSP60 designated herein as pI (SEQ ID NO:1). In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence corresponds to amino acids 130-260 of human HSP60, designated herein as pII (SEQ ID NO:2). In yet another preferred embodiment, the recombinant construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 31-50 of human HSP60 (SEQ ID NO:3).

According to various embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention are effective in any T-cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease such as: rheumatoid arthritis, collagen II arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune neuritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, juvenile onset diabetes, Sjogren's disease, thyroid disease, sarcoidosis, autoimmune uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's and ulcerative colitis) or autoimmune hepatitis.

The present invention is particularly exemplified by the animal disease model of adjuvant arthritis (AA), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that serves as an experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis. This model is intended as a non-limitative example used for illustrative purposes of the principles of the invention

In one embodiment, the therapeutic composition of the present invention is administered to an individual at risk of developing a T-cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease, thus serving as a preventive treatment. In another embodiment, the therapeutic composition of the present invention is administered to an individual during the initial stages of the disease or after the appearance of disease symptoms.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease comprising the steps of (a) obtaining cells from an individual; (b) transfecting the cells ex vivo with a recombinant construct comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a heat shock protein, or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences; and (c) reintroducing the transfected cells to the individual.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease comprising the steps of (a) obtaining cells from an individual; (b) infecting the cells ex vivo with a virus comprising a recombinant construct comprising an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a heat shock protein, or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences; and (c) reintroducing the infected cells to the individual.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutic composition comprising (a) a fragment of mammalian HSP60 having amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:3; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating arthritis, said method comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutic composition comprising (a) a fragment of mammalian HSP60 having amino acid sequence Lys Phe Gly Ala Asp Ala Arg Ala Leu Met Leu Gln Gly Val Asp Leu Leu Ala Asp Ala corresponding to amino acid residus 31-50 of human HSP60 (denoted as SEQ ID NO:3); and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, thereby treating arthritis. According to various embodiments, the carrier comprises a delivery vehicle that delivers the fragment to the individual.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating arthritis, said method comprising the steps of (a) obtaining cells from an individual; (b) exposing the cells ex vivo with an active amount of a fragment of mammalian HSP60 having amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 31-50 of HSP60 (denoted as SEQ ID NO:3); and (c) reintroducing the exposed cells to the individual, thereby treating arthritis. In a preferred embodiment the cells are autologous T cells. In another preferred embodiment, the mammalian HSP60 is human HSP60.

These and further embodiments will be apparent from the detailed description and examples that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Prevention of AA by vaccination with pI and pII. A. Time course of AA. Rats were vaccinated in the quadriceps three times (on days −40, −26 −12 relative to AA induction) with 150 μg of pcDNA3, pI, pII, pIII, pIV or pV. On day 0, AA was induced by injecting 1 mg of Mt suspended in 100 μl of IFA, and arthritis scores were assessed every two or three days starting at day 10. Bars show the mean±SEM assessment of disease severity. B. Leg swelling measured at day 26 after AA induction.

FIG. 2: pHSP60 and pI-vaccination activate T-cell responses to Hu3. A. Proliferative responses (Stimulation Index, SI) to overlaping peptides corresponding to the first 260 aa of HSP60. Rats vaccinated were killed and LNC were collected on day 26 after induction of AA. B. Dose-response to Hu3 of pHSP60, pHSP65 and pcDNA3-vaccinated rats. Rats vaccinated were killed and LNC were collected on day 26 after induction of AA. C. Dose-response to Hu3 of pI, pII and pcDNA3-vaccinated rats. Rats vaccinated were killed and LNC were collected on day 26 after induction of AA.

FIG. 3: Prevention of AA by vaccination with Hu3. A. Time course of AA. Rats were vaccinated once (on day −7 relative to AA induction) with 100 μg of Hu3, Hu12, Mt3 or PBS in 100 μl of IFA, or left unvaccinated (AA); and AA was induced on day 0 and arthritis scores were assessed. B. Leg swelling measured on day 26 after AA induction.

FIG. 4: Prevention of AA by transfer of Con A-activated splenocytes from Hu3-vaccinated rats. A. Time course of AA. Rats were vaccinated once (on day −7 relative to AA induction) with 100 μg of Hu3 or Mt3 in 100 μl of IFA and AA was induced on day O, Splenocytes were collected on day 26 after induction of AA, activated for 48 hr with Con A and transferred iv to naïve rats. Three days later, AA was induced in the recipients and arthritis scores were assessed. B. Leg swelling measured on day 26 after AA induction.

FIG. 5: T-cell responses after DNA vaccination. Lewis rats were vaccinated with pI, pII or pcDNA3 and AA was induced. Twenty-six days later, LNC were collected, and the proliferative responses to (A) PPD, (B) HSP65, Mt176-190, Mt3, HSP60 and Hu3 were studied.

FIG. 6: Cytokine secretion after DNA vaccination. Lewis rats were vaccinated with pI, pII or pcDNA3 and AA was induced. Twenty-six days later, LNC were collected, stimulated in vitro with PPD, (B) HSP65, Mt176-190, Mt3, HSP60 and Hu3 and the supernatants were tested after 72 hr for the amounts of secreted (A) INFγ, (B) IL-10 or (C) TGFβ1.

FIG. 7: T-cell responses after DNA vaccination. Lewis rats were vaccinated with Hu3, Mt3, Hu12 or PBS and AA was induced. Twenty-six days later, LNC were collected, and the proliferative responses to (A) PPD, (B) HSP65, Mt176-190, Mt3, HSP60 and Hu3 were studied.

FIG. 8: Cytokine secretion after DNA vaccination. Lewis rats were vaccinated with Hu3, Mt3, Hu12 or PBS, and AA was induced. Twenty-six days later, LNC were collected, stimulated in vitro with PPD, (B) HSP65, Mt176-190, Mt3, HSP60 and Hu3 and the supernatants were tested after 72 hr for the amounts of secreted (A) INFγ, (B) IL-10 or (C) TGFβ1.

FIG. 9: Modulation of AA by preimmunization with pHSP60 or pHSP65. A. Time course of AA. Rats were vaccinated in the quadriceps three times (on days −40, −26 −12 relative to AA induction) with 150 μg of pcDNA3, pMBP, pHSP60 or pHSP65, or left untreated as controls (AA). On day 0 AA was induced by injecting 1 mg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) suspended in 100 μl of IFA, and arthritis scores were assessed every two or three days starting at day 8 after Mt injection. B. Leg swelling measured at day 26 after AA induction.

FIG. 10: Proliferative responses to HSP60, HSP65 and PPD in pHSP60-, pMBP and pcDNA3-vaccinated animals. Female Lewis rats were vaccinated in the quadriceps three times (on days −40, −26 −12 relative to AA induction) with 150 μg of pHSP60, pMBP or pcDNA3, beginning 5 days after i.m. injection of 200 μl of cardiotoxin 10 μM. A group was left untreated as a control. Animals were killed and LNC were collected on day −1 prior to the induction of AA.

FIG. 11: T-cell responses in AA rats vaccinated with pcDNA3. Animals vaccinated with pcDNA3 were killed on day 26 after induction of AA and their LNC were collected and stimulated in vitro for 72 hrs in the presence of different concentrations of antigen. The release of IFNγ and IL-10 was studied.

FIG. 12: Effect of vaccination on cytokine secretion. Animals vaccinated with pHSP60, pHSP65 or Hu3 were killed on day 26 after induction of AA and their LNC were collected. The cells were stimulated for 72 hrs in the presence of different antigens, and the proliferation (a) or the release of IFNγ (b), IL-10 (c) and TGFβ₁ (d) were studied and are illustrated.

FIG. 13: Inhibition of AA by preimmunization with pHSP70 or pHSP90. A. Time course of AA. B. Maximal arthritis score. C. Day of onset. D. Difference in leg swelling measured at day 26 after AA induction.

FIG. 14. Humoral response in DNA vaccinated rats. A. Antibodies to HSP70 in pHSP70-immunized rats. B. Antibodies to HSP90 in pHSP90- immunized rats. The day of induction of AA was considered day 0.

FIG. 15. T-cell response to the immunizing antigen in DNA-vaccinated rats. A. Proliferative response to HSP70 in pHSP70-immunized rats. The results are presented as the mean SD of the stimulation index (SI) in quadruplicate cultures. B. Proliferative response to HSP90 in pHSP90-immunized rats. The results are presented as the mean±SD of the SI in quadruplicate cultures.

FIG. 16. Cytokine secretion in response to stimulation with the immunizing antigen in DNA-vaccinated rats. Draining lymph node cells were stimulated for 72 hrs in the presence of HSP70 or HSP90, and the content of IFNγ(A) or IL-10 (B) was determined in the supernatants by capture ELISA.

FIG. 17: Effect of DNA vaccination on T-cell proliferation following AA induction. The results are expressed as the percent change in proliferation relative to the responses of untreated rats, 26 after the induction of AA.

FIG. 18: Effect of DNA vaccination on cytokine secretion following AA induction. DLN cells were stimulated for 72 hrs in the presence of HSP70 or HSP90, and the content of IFNγ (A), IL-10 (B) or TGFβ1 (C) was determined in the supernatants by capture ELISA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention it is now disclosed that it is possible to treat or prevent T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases by using DNA vaccines encoding a heat shock protein, or active fragments thereof. The compositions and methods of the present invention are effective in any T-cell mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease including but not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, collagen II arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune neuritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, juvenile onset diabetes, Sjogren's disease, thyroid disease, sarcoidosis, autoimmune uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's and ulcerative colitis) or autoimmune hepatitis.

The present invention is based in part on studies of the role of DNA vaccines encoding a heat shock protein, or fragments thereof in adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental rats. Specifically, the present invention is based on the unexpected discovery that certain DNA constructs encoding specific heat shock proteins, such as HSP60, HSP70 or HSP90, or active fragments thereof are useful in decreasing the symptoms associated with arthritis. The protective effect of these DNA constructs was reflected for example by a significant reduction in ankle swelling.

It is now disclosed that it is possible to treat or prevent T cell-mediated diseases by using DNA vaccines encoding mammalian heat shock proteins or active fragments thereof. The present invention is based in part on studies of the role of the immune response to HSP60 in adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental rats, using DNA vaccines encoding human HSP60, human HSP70, human HSP90 or active fragments thereof. The results led to the identification of novel constructs encoding at least part of the HSP60 sequence that could effectively suppress AA. In addition, specific HSP60 fragments were found to be effective in suppressing AA. The immune effects associated with specific DNA or peptide suppression of AA were complex and included enhanced T-cell proliferation to a variety of disease-associated antigens. Effective vaccination with HSP60 DNA fragments or the HSP60 peptide led to up-regulation of IFNγ secretion to HSP60 and, concomitantly to down-regulation of IFNγ secretion to mycobacterial HSP65 epitopes. There were also variable changes in the profiles of IL-10 secretion to those antigens. The production of TGFβ1, however, was enhanced to both HSP60 and HSP65 epitopes. The regulation of AA might be due to the induction of regulatory T-cells directed to HSP60, secreting both Th1 and Th2 cytokines that shifted the immune response towards mycobacterial antigens to a Th2 non-pathogenic response.

The present invention provides an effective method of DNA vaccination for T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases, which avoids many of the problems associated with the previously suggested methods of treatment. By vaccinating, rather than passively administering heterologous antibodies, the host's own immune system is mobilized to suppress the autoaggressive T cells. Thus, the suppression is persistent and may involve any and all immunological mechanisms in effecting that suppression. This multi-faceted response is more effective than the uni-dimensional suppression achieved by passive administration of monoclonal antibodies or extant-derived regulatory T cell clones.

In one aspect, the present invention is related to novel recombinant constructs comprising a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to mammalian heat shock proteins, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to at least one transcription control element. Preferably, the recombinant constructs of the present invention correspond to human heat shock proteins. However, recombinant constructs corresponding to the rat or mouse heat shock proteins may also be used in the present invention.

The nucleic acid sequence corresponding to mammalian heat shock proteins may include DNA, RNA, or derivatives of either DNA or RNA. An isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding heat shock proteins can be obtained from its natural source, either as an entire (i.e., complete) gene or a portion thereof. A nucleic acid molecule can also be produced using recombinant DNA technology (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, cloning) or chemical synthesis. Nucleic acid sequences include natural nucleic acid sequences and homologues thereof, including, but not limited to, natural allelic variants and modified nucleic acid sequences in which nucleotides have been inserted, deleted, substituted, and/or inverted in such a manner that such modifications do not substantially interfere with the nucleic acid molecule's ability to encode a functional heat shock protein or an active fragment thereof.

A nucleic acid sequence homologue can be produced using a number of methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press, 1989). For example, nucleic acid sequences can be modified using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, classic mutagenesis techniques and recombinant DNA techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis, chemical treatment of a nucleic acid molecule to induce mutations, restriction enzyme cleavage of a nucleic acid fragment, ligation of nucleic acid fragments, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and/or mutagenesis of selected regions of a nucleic acid sequence, synthesis of oligonucleotide mixtures and ligation of mixture groups to “build” a mixture of nucleic acid molecules and combinations thereof. Nucleic acid molecule homologues can be selected from a mixture of modified nucleic acids by screening for the function of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid.

The present invention includes a nucleic acid sequence operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences to form a recombinant molecule. The phrase “operatively linked” refers to linking a nucleic acid sequence to a transcription control sequence in a manner such that the molecule is able to be expressed when transfected (i.e., transformed, transduced or transfected) into a host cell. Transcription control sequences are sequences which control the initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those which control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences. Suitable transcription control sequences include any transcription control sequence that can function in at least one of the recombinant cells of the present invention. A variety of such transcription control sequences are known to those skilled in the art. Preferred transcription control sequences include those which function in animal, bacteria, helminth, insect cells, and preferably in animal cells. More preferred transcription control sequences include, but are not limited to RSV control sequences, CMV control sequences, retroviral LTR sequences, SV-40 control sequences and β-actin control sequences as well as other sequences capable of controlling gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Additional suitable transcription control sequences include tissue-specific promoters and enhancers (e.g., T cell-specific enhancers and promoters). Transcription control sequences of the present invention can also include naturally occurring transcription control sequences naturally associated with a gene encoding a heat shock protein of the present invention.

The present invention is further related to an expression vector comprising the recombinant constructs of the present invention. Suitable eukaryotic expression vector is for example: pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1(+/−), pZeoSV2(+/−), pSecTag2, pDisplay, pEF/myc/cyto, pCMV/myc/cyto, pCR3.1, pCI, pBK-RSV, pBK-CMV, pTRES or their derivatives.

According to the present invention, a host cell can be transfected in vivo (i.e., in an animal) or ex vivo (i.e., outside of an animal). Transfection of a nucleic acid molecule into a host cell can be accomplished by any method by which a nucleic acid molecule can be inserted into the cell. Transfection techniques include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, and protoplast fusion. Preferred methods to transfect host cells in vivo include lipofection and adsorption.

It may be appreciated by one skilled in the art that use of recombinant DNA technologies can improve expression of transfected nucleic acid molecules by manipulating, for example, the number of copies of the nucleic acid molecules within a host cell, the efficiency with which those nucleic acid molecules are transcribed, the efficiency with which the resultant transcripts are translated, and the efficiency of post-translational modifications. Recombinant techniques useful for increasing the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include, but are not limited to, operatively linking nucleic acid molecules to high-copy number plasmids, integration of the nucleic acid molecules into one or more host cell chromosomes, addition of vector stability sequences to plasmids, substitutions or modifications of transcription control signals (e.g., promoters, operators, enhancers), substitutions or modifications of translational control signals (e.g., ribosome binding sites, Shine-Dalgarno sequences), modification of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention to correspond to the codon usage of the host cell, and deletion of sequences that destabilize transcripts.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition suitable for effecting the above methods of the present invention. The composition includes a recombinant construct including an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a heat shock protein or a fragment thereof, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment of the invention, the composition is useful for treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, collagen II arthritis, autoimmune neuritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, juvenile onset diabetes, Sjogren's disease, thyroid disease, sarcoidosis, autoimmune uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's and ulcerative colitis) or autoimmune hepatitis.

The therapeutic composition of the invention is administered to an individual in need of said treatment. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the individual is selected from the group consisting of humans, dogs, cats, sheep, cattle, horses and pigs.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a therapeutic composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, a “carrier” refers to any substance suitable as a vehicle for delivering a nucleic acid sequence of the present invention to a suitable in vivo site. As such, carriers can act as a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient of a therapeutic composition containing a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Preferred carriers are capable of maintaining a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention in a form that, upon arrival of the nucleic acid molecule to a cell, the nucleic acid molecule is capable of entering the cell and being expressed by the cell. Carriers of the present invention include: (1) excipients or formularies that transport, but do not specifically target a nucleic acid molecule to a cell (referred to herein as non-targeting carriers); and (2) excipients or formularies that deliver a nucleic acid molecule to a specific site in an animal or a specific cell (i.e., targeting carriers). Examples of non-targeting carriers include, but are not limited to water, phosphate buffered saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, serum-containing solutions, Hank's solution, other aqueous physiologically balanced solutions, oils, esters and glycols. Aqueous carriers can contain suitable auxiliary substances required to approximate the physiological conditions of the recipient, for example, by enhancing chemical stability and isotonicity.

Suitable auxiliary substances include, for example, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and other substances used to produce phosphate buffer, Tris buffer, and bicarbonate buffer. Auxiliary substances can also include preservatives, such as thimerosal, m- and o-cresol, formalin and benzol alcohol. Preferred auxiliary substances for aerosol delivery include surfactant substances non-toxic to an animal, for example, esters or partial esters of fatty acids containing from about six to about twenty-two carbon atoms. Examples of esters include, caproic, octanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, olesteric, and oleic acids. Other carriers can include metal particles (e.g., gold particles) for use with, for example, a biolistic gun through the skin. Therapeutic compositions of the present invention can be sterilized by conventional methods.

Targeting carriers are herein referred to as “delivery vehicles”. Delivery vehicles of the present invention are capable of delivering a therapeutic composition of the present invention to a target site in an animal. A “target site” refers to a site in an animal to which one desires to deliver a therapeutic composition. For example, a target site can be a cancer cell, a tumor, or a lesion caused by an infectious agent, or an area around such cell, tumor or lesion, which is targeted by direct injection or delivery using liposomes or other delivery vehicles. Examples of delivery vehicles include, but are not limited to, artificial and natural lipid-containing delivery vehicles. Natural lipid-containing delivery vehicles include cells and cellular membranes. Artificial lipid-containing delivery vehicles include liposomes and micelles. A delivery vehicle of the present invention can be modified to target to a particular site in an animal, thereby targeting and making use of a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention at that site. Suitable modifications include manipulating the chemical formula of the lipid portion of the delivery vehicle and/or introducing into the vehicle a compound capable of specifically targeting a delivery vehicle to a preferred site, for example, a preferred cell type. Specifically targeting refers to causing a delivery vehicle to bind to a particular cell by the interaction of the compound in the vehicle to a molecule on the surface of the cell. Suitable targeting compounds include ligands capable of selectively (i.e., specifically) binding another molecule at a particular site. Examples of such ligands include antibodies, antigens, receptors and receptor ligands. For example, an antibody specific for an antigen found on the surface of a cancer cell can be introduced to the outer surface of a liposome delivery vehicle so as to target the delivery vehicle to the cancer cell. Tumor cell ligands include ligands capable of binding to a molecule on the surface of a tumor cell. Manipulating the chemical formula of the lipid portion of the delivery vehicle can modulate the extracellular or intracellular targeting of the delivery vehicle. For example, a chemical can be added to the lipid formula of a liposome that alters the charge of the lipid bilayer of the liposome so that the liposome fuses with particular cells having particular charge characteristics.

According to one embodiment, fat emulsions may be used as a vehicle for DNA vaccines. Two examples of such emulsions are the available commercial fat emulsions known as Intralipid and Lipofindin. “Intralipid” is a registered trademark of Kabi Pharmacia, Sweden, for a fat emulsion for intravenous nutrition, described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,094. “Lipofundin” is a registered trademark of B. Braun Melsungen, Germany. Both contain soybean oil as fat (100 or 200 g in 1,000 ml distilled water: 10% or 20%, respectively). Egg-yolk phospholipids are used as emulsifiers in Intralipid (12 g/l distilled water) and egg-yolk lecithin in Lipofundin (12 g/l distilled water). Isotonicity results from the addition of glycerol (25 g/l) both in Intralipid and Lipofundin.

According to another embodiment, the delivery vehicle of the present invention may be a liposome. A liposome is capable of remaining stable in an animal for a sufficient amount of time to deliver a nucleic acid sequence of the present invention to a preferred site in the animal. A liposome of the present invention is preferably stable in the animal into which it has been administered for at least about 30 minutes, more preferably for at least about 1 hour and even more preferably for at least about 24 hours.

A liposome of the present invention comprises a lipid composition that is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane of the targeted cell to deliver a nucleic acid molecule into a cell. Preferably, the transfection efficiency of a liposome of the present invention is about 0.5 microgram (μg) of DNA per 16 nanomole (nmol) of liposome delivered to about 10⁶ cells, more preferably about 1.0 μg of DNA per 16 nmol of liposome delivered to about 10⁶ cells, and even more preferably about 2.0 μg of DNA per 16 nmol of liposome delivered to about 10⁶ cells.

A preferred liposome of the present invention is between about 100 and 500 nanometers (nm), more preferably between about 150 and 450 nm and even more preferably between about 200 and 400 nm in diameter.

Suitable liposomes for use with the present invention include any liposome. Preferred liposomes of the present invention include those liposomes standardly used in, for example, gene delivery methods known to those of skill in the art. More preferred liposomes comprise liposomes having a polycationic lipid composition and/or liposomes having a cholesterol backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol.

Complexing a liposome with a nucleic acid sequence of the present invention can be achieved using methods standard in the art. A suitable concentration of a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention to add to a liposome includes a concentration effective for delivering a sufficient amount of nucleic acid molecule to a cell such that the cell can produce sufficient heat shock protein to regulate effector cell immunity in a desired manner. Preferably, from about 0.1 μg to about 10 μg of nucleic acid sequence of the present invention is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes, more preferably from about 0.5 μg to about 5 μg of nucleic acid molecule is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes, and even more preferably about 1.0 μg of nucleic acid molecule is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes.

According to another embodiment, the delivery vehicle comprises a recombinant cell vaccine. Preferred recombinant cell vaccines of the present invention include cell vaccines, in which allogeneic (i.e., cells derived from a source other than a patient, but that are histiotype compatible with the patient) or autologous (i.e., cells isolated from a patient) cells are transfected with recombinant molecules contained in a therapeutic composition, irradiated and administered to a patient by, for example, intradermal, intravenous or subcutaneous injection. Therapeutic compositions to be administered by cell vaccine, include recombinant molecules of the present invention without carrier.

In order to treat an animal with disease, a therapeutic composition of the present invention is administered to the animal in an effective manner such that the composition is capable of treating that animal from disease. For example, a recombinant molecule, when administered to an animal in an effective manner, is able to stimulate effector cell immunity in a manner that is sufficient to alleviate the disease afflicting the animal. According to the present invention, treatment of a disease refers to alleviating a disease and/or preventing the development of a secondary disease resulting from the occurrence of a primary disease. An effective administration protocol (i.e., administering a therapeutic composition in an effective manner) comprises suitable dose parameters and modes of administration that result in treatment of a disease. Effective dose parameters and modes of administration can be determined using methods standard in the art for a particular disease. Such methods include, for example, determination of survival rates, side effects (i.e., toxicity) and progression or regression of disease. In particular, the effectiveness of dose parameters and modes of administration of a therapeutic composition of the present invention when treating cancer can be determined by assessing response rates. Such response rates refer to the percentage of treated patients in a population of patients that respond with either partial or complete remission.

In accordance with the present invention, a suitable single dose size is a dose that is capable of treating an animal with disease when administered one or more times over a suitable time period. Doses can vary depending upon the disease being treated. Doses of a therapeutic composition of the present invention suitable for use with direct injection techniques can be used by one of skill in the art to determine appropriate single dose sizes for systemic administration based on the size of an animal. A suitable single dose of a therapeutic composition is a sufficient amount of heat shock protein-encoding recombinant sequence to reduce, and preferably eliminate, the T-cell mediated autoimmune disease following transfection of the recombinant molecules into cells. A preferred single dose of heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule is an amount that, when transfected into a target cell population leads to the production of from about 250 femtograms (fg) to about 1 μg, preferably from about 500 fg to about 500 picogram (pg), and more preferably from about 1 pg to about 100 pg of a heat shock protein or fragment thereof per transfected cell.

A preferred single dose of heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule complexed with liposomes, is from about 100 μg of total DNA per 800 nmol of liposome to about 2 mg of total recombinant molecules per 16 micromole (μmol) of liposome, more preferably from about 150 μg per 1.2 μmol of liposome to about 1 mg of total recombinant molecules per 8 μmol of liposome, and even more preferably from about 200 μg per 2 μmol of liposome to about 400 μg of total recombinant molecules per 3.2 μmol of liposome.

A preferred single dose of heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule in a non-targeting carrier to administer to an animal, is from about 100 μg to about 4 mg of total recombinant molecules, more preferably from about 150 μg to about 3 mg of total recombinant molecules, and even more preferably from about 200 μg to about 2 mg of total recombinant molecules.

It will be obvious to one of skill in the art that the number of doses administered to an animal is dependent upon the extent of the disease and the response of an individual patient to the treatment. Thus, it is within the scope of the present invention that a suitable number of doses includes any number required to cause regression of a disease. A preferred protocol is monthly administrations of single doses (as described above) for up to about 1 year. A preferred number of doses of a therapeutic composition comprising heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule in a non-targeting carrier or complexed with liposomes is from about 1 to about 10 administrations per patient, preferably from about 2 to about 8 administrations per patient, and even more preferably from about 3 to about 5 administrations per person. Preferably, such administrations are given once every 2 weeks until signs of remission appear, then once a month until the disease is gone.

A therapeutic composition is administered to an animal in a fashion to enable expression of the administered recombinant molecule of the present invention into a curative protein in the animal to be treated for disease. A therapeutic composition can be administered to an animal in a variety of methods including, but not limited to, local administration of the composition into a site in an animal, and systemic administration.

Therapeutic compositions to be delivered by local administration include: (a) recombinant molecules of the present invention in a non-targeting carrier (e.g., as “naked” DNA molecules, such as is taught, for example in Wolff et al., 1990, Science 247, 1465-1468); and (b) recombinant molecules of the present invention complexed to a delivery vehicle of the present invention. Suitable delivery vehicles for local administration comprise liposomes or emulsions. Delivery vehicles for local administration can further comprise ligands for targeting the vehicle to a particular site.

Therapeutic compositions useful in systemic administration, include recombinant molecules of the present invention complexed to a targeted delivery vehicle of the present invention. Suitable delivery vehicles for use with systemic administration comprise liposomes comprising ligands for targeting the vehicle to a particular site. Systemic administration is particularly advantageous when organs, in particular difficult to reach organs (e.g., heart, spleen, lung or liver) are the targeted sites of treatment.

Preferred methods of systemic administration, include intravenous injection, aerosol, oral and percutaneous (topical) delivery. Intravenous injections can be performed using methods standard in the art. Aerosol delivery can also be performed using methods standard in the art (see, for example, Stribling et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 189:11277-11281, 1992, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Oral delivery can be performed by complexing a therapeutic composition of the present invention to a carrier capable of withstanding degradation by digestive enzymes in the gut of an animal. Examples of such carriers, include plastic capsules or tablets, such as those known in the art. Topical delivery can be performed by mixing a therapeutic composition of the present invention with a lipophilic reagent (e.g., DMSO) that is capable of passing into the skin.

Suitable embodiments, single dose sizes, number of doses and modes of administration of a therapeutic composition of the present invention useful in a treatment method of the present invention are disclosed in detail herein.

A therapeutic composition of the present invention is also advantageous for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in that the composition suppresses the harmful stimulation of T cells by autoantigens (i.e., a “self”, rather than a foreign antigen). Heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecules in a therapeutic composition, upon transfection into a cell, produce a heat shock protein or a fragment thereof that reduces the harmful activity of T cells involved in an autoimmune disease. A preferred therapeutic composition for use in the treatment of autoimmune disease comprises heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule of the present invention. A more preferred therapeutic composition for use in the treatment of autoimmune disease comprises heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule combined with a non-targeting carrier of the present invention, preferably saline or phosphate buffered saline.

A single dose of heat shock protein-encoding nucleic acid molecule in a non-targeting carrier to administer to an animal to treat an autoimmune disease is from about 0.1 μg to about 200 μg of total recombinant molecules per kilogram (kg) of body weight, more preferably from about 0.5 μg to about 150 μg of total recombinant molecules per kg of body weight, and even more preferably from about 1 μg to about 10 μg of total recombinant molecules per kg of body weight.

The number of doses of heat shock protein-encoding recombinant molecule in a non-targeting carrier to be administered to an animal to treat an autoimmune disease is an injection about once every 6 months, more preferably about once every 3 months, and even more preferably about once a month.

A preferred method to administer a therapeutic composition of the present invention to treat an autoimmune disease is by direct injection. Direct injection techniques are particularly important in the treatment of an autoimmune disease. Preferably, a therapeutic composition is injected directly into muscle cells in a patient, which results in prolonged expression (e.g., weeks to months) of a recombinant molecule of the present invention. Preferably, a recombinant molecule of the present invention in the form of “naked DNA” is administered by direct injection into muscle cells in a patient.

It is to be noted that the compositions and methods of the present invention do not include the obligatory presence of the CpG motif disclosed in WO 02/16549, in DNA vaccines suitable for the treatment of ongoing autoimmune diseases.

The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate certain embodiments of the invention. They should in no way, however, be construed as limiting the broad scope of the invention. One skilled in the art can readily devise many variations and modifications of the principles disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Animals

Female Lewis rats were raised and maintained under pathogen-free conditions in the Animal Breeding Center of The Weizmann Institute of Science. One- to two-month old rats were used for DNA vaccination and peptide-vaccination experiments. The experiments were performed under the supervision and guidelines of the Animal Welfare Committee.

Antigens and Adjuvants

Peptides were synthesized as previously described (15). The HSP60 peptides used in these studies are listed in Table I. Two HSP65 peptides were also used: Mt176-190, EESNTFGLQLELTEG (16) and Mt3, AYDEEARRGLERGLNALADA. Purified recombinant HSP65 was generously provided by Prof. Ruurd van der Zee (Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands). Recombinant HSP60 was prepared in our laboratory as described (11). M. tuberculosis Strain H37Ra and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) were purchased from Difco (Detroit, Mich., USA). Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) was provided by the Statens Seruminstitut (Copenhagen, Denmark). Ovalbumin (OVA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) were purchased from Sigma (Rehovot, Israel).

DNA Plasmids

The vector containing the human hsp60 gene (pHSP60) has been described (17). The construct encoding Mycobacterium leprae HSP65 (pHSP65) was kindly provided by Dr. Douglas Lowrie (Medical Research Council, London, UK). Five fragments of the human hsp60 gene were amplified by PCR from hsp60 cDNA in pGEM (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) using specific oligonucleotides containing restriction sites for the enzymes BamHI (oligonucleotide 5′) or HindIII (oligonucleotide 3′), and cloned into the pcDNA3 vector (Invitrogen, NV, Leek, The Netherlands) using standard molecular biology techniques (Table II). The 5′ oligonucleotide also included an ATG sequence necessary for protein translation. The plasmids were sequenced to confirm correct insertion of the cDNA and transcribed in vitro to check that they are functional (data not shown).

Plasmid DNA was prepared in large scale and injected after pretreatment with cardiotoxin (Sigma, Rehovot, Israel). Briefly, rats were vaccinated in the quadriceps three times (on days −40, −26 −12 relative to AA induction) with 150 μg of pcDNA3, pI, pII, pIII, pIV or pV. Endotoxin levels were checked by Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate and found always to be under acceptable levels for in vivo use (less than 0.02 EU/μg DNA). AA was induced 12 days after the last injection of DNA. The empty vector pcDNA3 was used as a DNA vaccination control.

AA Induction and Assessment

AA was induced using 1 mg per rat of heat-killed Mt strain H37Ra (Difco). The day of AA induction was designated as day 0, and disease severity was assessed by direct observation of all 4 limbs in each animal. A relative score between 0 and 4 was assigned to each limb, based on the degree of joint inflammation, redness and deformity; thus the maximum possible score for an individual animal was 16. Arthritis was also quantified by measuring hind limb diameter with a caliper. Measurements were taken on the day of AA induction and 26 days later, and they are presented as the mean±SEM of the difference between the two values. The person who scored the disease was blinded to the identity of the groups.

T-cell Proliferation

Popliteal and inguinal lymph node cells (LNC) taken 26 days after the induction of AA were cultured in quadruplicates in 2001 μl round bottom microtiter wells (Costar Corp., Cambridge, USA) at 2×10⁵ cells per well with or without antigen. The T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) was used as a positive control for T-cell proliferation. Cultures were incubated for 96 hrs at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂. T-cell responses were detected by the incorporation of [methyl-3H]-thymidine (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK; 1 μCi/well), which was added to the wells for the last 18 hours. The stimulation index (SI) was computed as the ratio of the mean c.p.m. of antigen- or mitogen-containing wells to control wells cultured with medium alone.

Transfer of Cells

Spleen cells were prepared from peptide-vaccinated rats 26 days after the induction of AA. The splenocytes (10⁷ cells per ml) were activated with 2.5 μg/ml of Con A for 48 hr at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂. The cells were washed with sterile PBS and injected iv into naïve rats (5×10⁷ cells per rat). Three days after the transfer of the splenocytes, AA was induced.

Cytokine Assays

Supernatants were collected after 72 hrs of stimulation with each of the antigens tested. Rat IL-10 and IFNγ were quantitated in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Pharmingen's OPTEIA kit (Pharmingen, San Diego, USA). Rat TGFβ1 was quantified using the TGFβ1 E_(max)® ImmunoAssay System (Promega, Madison, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cytokine levels in supernatants are expressed as pg/ml based on calibration curves constructed using recombinant cytokines as standards. The lower limits of detection for the experiments described in this paper were 15 pg/ml for TGFβ1, IL-10 and IFNγ.

Statistical Significance

The InStat 2.01 program was used for statistical analysis. Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test were carried out to assay significant differences between the different experimental groups.

Example 1 HSP60 DNA Fragments Inhibit AA

To learn whether fragments of HSP60 DNA could inhibit AA, the cDNA corresponding to the human hsp60 gene was divided into five fragments, each with a 30 pb overlap, and each was cloned into the pcDNA3 vector (Table II). In this way, five constructs corresponding to HSP60-derived fragments were generated overlapping by 10 aa: pI, aa 1-140; pII, aa 130-260; pIII, aa 250-410, pIV, aa 400-470 and pV, aa 460-540 (Table II). Lewis rats were vaccinated with one of the HSP60 fragment constructs or with pcDNA3 as a control, and AA was induced. FIG. 1A shows that the rats vaccinated with pI or pII manifested significantly decreased arthritis compared to rats vaccinated with constructs pIII, pIV or pV or with control pcDNA3. The protective effect of the vaccination with constructs pI and pII was also reflected by a significant reduction in ankle swelling (FIG. 1B), and by a reduction of the mean maximal score, which was lower in those rats vaccinated with pI and pII (p=0.0007 and p=0.0003, respectively, compared to rats vaccinated with pcDNA3).

Example 2 in vitro Proliferation of LNC Isolated from pHSP60- or PI-vaccinated Rats in Response to Various HSP60 Peptides

To learn whether the suppression of AA by DNA vaccination with pHSP60, pI or pII was associated with T-cell reactivity to a specific HSP60 epitope, the proliferation (Stimulation Index, SI) of LNC isolated from pHSP60-vaccinated rats was studied in response to a panel of overlapping peptides spanning the region of human HSP60 encoded by pI and pII (aa 1-275; Table I). Controls were LNC prepared from rats vaccinated with pcDNA3 or pHSP65 and challenged with Mt suspended in IFA to induce AA. FIG. 2A shows that only peptide Hu3 (aa 31-50 of human HSP60) induced a significant response in LNC taken from pHSP60-vaccinated rats; cells prepared from pHSP65 or pcDNA-vaccinated rats did not respond to Hu3. Note that the sequence of the HSP60 protein in the region 31-50 is identical in rat and human HSP60; thus Hu3 is a self-peptide (Table III). FIG. 2B shows a dose-dependant proliferative response to Hu3 using LNC isolated from pHSP60-vaccinated rats. No significant responses to the control peptide Hu12 (aa 166-185 of human HSP60) were detected. To confirm these results, T-cell proliferative responses were studied in LNC taken 26 days after the induction of AA from rats vaccinated with pI, pII or pcDNA3. FIG. 2C shows that Hu3, but not its mycobacterial homologue Mt3, triggered a significant proliferation of LNC taken from pI-immunized rats, but not by LNC from rats vaccinated with pII or pcDNA3. Non of the HSP60 peptides was specifically recognized by LNC taken from pII-immunized rats. In summary, these results show that pHSP60- and pI-vaccinated rats manifested up-regulated T-cell responses to the Hu3 peptide of HSP60.

Example 3 Peptide Hu3 Inhibits AA

To establish a link between the immune response to Hu3 and prevention of AA, rats were vaccinated with Hu3, or with its mycobacterial counterpart Mt3 (Table III) or with Hu12 (Table I) as controls. Each rat received a single i.p. dose of 100 μg of peptide in IFA seven days (day −7) before the induction of AA (day 0). FIG. 3A shows that the Hu3-vaccinated rats developed significantly decreased disease compared to non-immunized rats or rats vaccinated with PBS, Hu12 or Mt3. This reduction in AA was also reflected by a significant reduction in ankle swelling (14.2±4.7 in Hu3-vaccinated rats vs 32.2±3.5 in PBS/IFA-vaccinated rats, p=0.02; FIG. 3B). Therefore, vaccination with Hu3 prevents AA.

Example 4 Adoptive Transfer of Peptide-induced Regulation

To learn whether the protection triggered by Hu3-vaccination could be adoptively transferred by activated T-cells, splenocytes prepared from Hu3 vaccinated rats were stimulated in vitro for 2 days with the T-cell mitogen Con A, washed, and injected iv (5×10⁷ cells per rat) into naïve rats. Only the recipients of cells taken from Hu3-vaccinated rats were protected against the subsequent induction of AA (FIGS. 4A and 4B). No protection was seen in rats that had received Con A activated cells from Mt3 injected rats. Thus, inhibition of AA by vaccination with Hu3 could be adoptively transferred by activated T-cells.

Example 5 in vitro Proliferation of LNC Isolated from PI- or PII-vaccinated Rats in Response to Various Mycobacterial Antigens, HSP60 or its Hu3 Peptide

To study the mechanism associated with the inhibition of AA by DNA vaccination with pI or pII, the T-cell responses of immunized rats was analysed 26 days after the induction of AA. The LNC were stimulated in vitro with a collective of mycobacterial antigens known to be associated with AA: HSP65, PPD, Mt176-90 (which contains the 180-188 epitope of HSP65). The immune response directed to mammalian HSP60, its regulatory peptide Hu3 and the HSP60-derived peptide Hu12 as a control was studied as well. OVA was included as a control antigen. None of the experimental groups showed significant responses to OVA or Hu12, and they did not differ in their response to Con A (data not shown). Nevertheless, inhibition of AA by DNA vaccination with the pI or pII constructs was associated with the up-regulation of the T-cell proliferative responses directed against the panel of mycobacterial antigens (PPD, HSP65 and Mt176-190) (FIG. 5A). FIG. 5B depicts the proliferative responses to HSP60 and its Hu3 peptide. It can be seen that both pI and pII induced significant T-cell responses to HSP60, however, only LNC from pI-vaccinated rats manifested reactivity to Hu3.

Example 6 Cytokine Secretion by LNC Taken from Rats Vaccinated with pI, pII or pcDNA3

Cytokine secretion by LNC taken from rats vaccinated with pI, pII or pcDNA3 was determined. Inhibition of AA by DNA vaccination with pI was associated with a decrease in IFNγ secretion (FIG. 6A), and an increase in IL-10 and TGFβ1 secretion upon stimulation with PPD, HSP65 or Mt176-190 (FIGS. 6B and 6C).

LNC from pII-vaccinated rats also showed a decrease in IFNγ secretion upon stimulation with PPD, HSP65 and Mt176-190 (FIG. 6A), however IL-10 secretion was only detected after activation with HSP65 while TGFβ1 secretion was only detected following activation with Mt176-190 or PPD (FIGS. 6B and 6C). Note that cells from both pI or pII-immunized rats secreted detectable amounts of TGFβ1 upon activation with Mt3. Thus, protection from AA by DNA vaccination with pI or pII was associated with decreased IFNγ secretion and a concomitant increase in IL-10 and/or TGFβ1 secretion upon stimulation with the mycobacterial antigens PPD, HSP65 or Mt176-190 (FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C).

In addition to the responses to mycobacterial antigens, the effects of DNA vaccination with HSP60 fragments on the responses to HSP60 and Hu3 was studied. IFNγ was not secreted in response to HSP60 or Hu3 by the LNC of either the p1 or pII-immunized rats (FIG. 6A). LNC taken from pI immunized rats secreted both IL-10 and TGFβ1 in response to HSP60 or Hu3 (FIGS. 6B and 6C). LNC cells taken from pII-vaccinated rats, in contrast, secreted TGFβ1 upon activation with HSP60, but IL-10 was not detected. Therefore, both pI or pII vaccination induced the secretion of TGFβ1 in response to HSP60. However only pI triggered the secretion of IL-10.

Example 7 in vitro Proliferation of LNC Isolated from Hu3-vaccinated Rats in Response to Various Mycobacterial Antigens or HSP60

The T-cell responses after induction of AA in rats that had been vaccinated with peptides Hu3, Hu12 or Mt3 was examined. All three peptides were immunogenic; significant and specific T-cell responses could be detected in the immunized rats to each immunogen (FIG. 7A). However, only the LNC taken from Hu3-vaccinated rats showed up-regulated T-cell proliferative responses to the mycobacterial antigens PPD, HSP65 and Mt176-190 (FIG. 7B). Furthermore, vaccination with Hu3 led to the induction of a specific response to HSP60 (FIG. 7B). None of the experimental groups showed significant responses to OVA, and they did not differ in their response to Con A (data not shown).

Example 8 Cytokine Secretion by LNC Taken from Rats Vaccinated with Hu3

Vaccination with Hu3 led to a reduction in IFNγ secretion (FIG. 8A), and to a concomitant increase in the secretion of IL-10 (FIG. 8B) and TGFβ1 (FIG. 8C) upon stimulation with PPD, HSP65 or Mt176-190. Hu3-vaccination also led to the induction of T-cells that secreted IFNγ, IL-10 and TGFβ1 in response to Hu3. The response to whole HSP60 was predominantly TGFβ1.

Example 9 Human pHPS60 is More Effective than Mycobacterial pHSP65 in Inhibiting AA

The effects on AA of vaccination with DNA encoding human pHSP60 compared to mycobacterial HSP65 was examined. The construct encoding the full-length human HSP60 (pHSP60) has more than 97% percent identity at the amino acid level with its rat counterpart. A construct encoding for the full-length HSP65 of Mycobacterium was used as well. Two control constructs were used: an empty vector (pcDNA3), and a construct encoding murine Myelin Basic Protein (pMBP). FIG. 9 a shows that vaccination with pcDNA3 or pMBP did not have any effect on AA. In contrast, rats immunized with pHSP60 or pHSP65 manifested a significantly milder arthritis. Inhibition of AA was also reflected as a diminished swelling of the ankle, as shown in FIG. 9 b. It can be seen that pHSP60 was more effective than pHSP65 in modulating the autoimmune process. The difference between pHSP60 and pHSP65 was statistically significant with regard to the maximal AA index (2.25±0.65 vs. 7.67±1.83, p=0.02), and leg swelling (10.64±3.43 vs. 27.5±6.35, p=0.03).

Example 10 in vitro Proliferation of LNC Isolated from Rats after DNA Vaccination with pHSP60

The immune response induced by pHSP60-vaccination alone was studied before disease induction. Spleen cells were prepared 10 days after the administration of the third dose of the DNA-vaccine, and the proliferative response upon in vitro stimulation with different antigens was studied. FIG. 10 shows that pHSP60-vaccination induced a significant proliferative response to HSP60, but not to HSP65, MBP or PPD, while cells from pMBP-treated rats only proliferated in response to MBP. These HSP60-specific T-cells secreted low amounts of both IL-10 (22±5 pg/ml) and IFNγ (80±15 pg/ml) upon stimulation in vitro with HSP60 (data not shown). No cytokine release was detected when splenocytes from pcDNA3-treated animals were stimulated with HSP60. No significant differences were seen between the different experimental groups neither in T-cell proliferation nor in cytokine-release in response to stimulation with Con A (data not shown). Thus pHSP60 vaccination induced a low, but specific T-cell response to HSP60; the immune response elicited by pHsp60 vaccination is capable of affecting the immune reactions that characterize AA.

Example 11 Cytokine Secretion in AA rats Vaccinated with pHSP60 pHSP65 or Hu3/IFA

Twenty-six days after the induction of AA, LNC were prepared from untreated rats, or animals that had been treated with pcDNA3 or PBS/IFA. LNC were stimulated in vitro with a collective of antigens previously known to be targeted or associated with AA: HSP60, HSP65, PPD, P176-90 (which contains the 180-188 epitope of HSP65 (3)) and Hu3 described here. Hu12 and OVA were included as control antigens. The results were essentially the same whether the AA was induced in untreated rats, or in rats pre-treated with injections of PBS/IFA or pcDNA3. FIG. 11 depicts the results obtained with LNC isolated from pcDNA3-treated animals, showing the cytokines released to the culture medium. LNC from pcDNA3-treated animals showed a strong proliferative response to PPD, and low but significant responses to HSP65 and P176-90, while no proliferation was detected after stimulation with HSP60, Hu3 or Hu12. Although the proliferative response to P176-90 was quite low, stimulation with this peptide led to the release of IFNγ to at least the same levels as those achieved by stimulation with PPD. IFNγ was secreted to a lower extent in response to HSP65, while no secretion was detected upon stimulation with HSP60, Hu3 or Hu12. IL-10 and TGFβ1 were detected only upon activation with PPD. Thus, induction of AA activates T-cells that almost exclusively secrete IFNγ in response to activation with mycobacterial antigens, and that do not appear to recognize HSP60 or its peptides Hu3 and Hu12.

FIG. 12A depicts the proliferative response and cytokine secretion of cells isolated from animals treated with pHSP60, pHSP65 or Hu3/IFA expressed as the percent change in reactivity relative to the proliferation seen using cells from their respective controls (pcDNA3 or PBS/IFA-treated animals). Animals protected from AA showed increased proliferative responses to mycobacterial antigens (PPD, HSP65 and P176-90). The increase in the proliferation to HSP65 and PPD was stronger in pHSP60-treated animals. Also the response to mammalian HSP60 was up-regulated throughout all the groups, but this effect was more marked in pHSP60 vaccinated animals. Moreover, at day 26 after AA induction, the response to HSP60 was significantly higher than that detected at the end of the immunization protocol (Stimulation Index, SI=2.4±0.39 vs. SI=4.44±0.37 respectively, p<0.05). In addition, Hu3 was only recognized by animals immunized with pHSP60, or with Hu3 itself, while there were no responses directed towards Hu12. Cells from HU12/IFA-treated rats proliferated upon stimulation with HU12 (data not shown). None of the experimental groups showed significant responses to OVA, and they did not differ in their response to Con A (data not shown). Thus, modulation of AA by vaccination with pHSP60, pHSP65 or Hu3 is accompanied by the up-regulation of T-cell proliferative responses to both self- and mycobacterial antigens. The phenotype of these augmented cellular responses has been characterized in terms of cytokine release profiles.

As shown in FIG. 12B, Secretion of IFNγ was increased in LNC from: A, pHSP60-treated rats stimulated with HSP60, Hu3 or Hu12; B, pHSP65-treated rats stimulated with HSP60 and C, in Hu3-treated rats stimulated with Hu3. Thus, modulation of AA is associated with a reduction in IFNγ release to P176-90 and an increase in the release of IFNγ to HSP60. As shown in FIG. 12C, The study of IL-10 secretion revealed that LNC from animals protected from AA (either by DNA or peptide vaccination) showed increased secretion of IL-10 in response to in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens. In cells from all the groups protected we found secretion of IL-10 in response to stimulation with PPD, HSP65 (pHSP60 and pHSP65-treated animals) or P176-90 (pHSP60- and Hu3-treated rats). Release of IL-10 upon stimulation with HSP60 and its peptides was not uniform, and only found in cells from pHSP60 or pHSP65-vaccinated animals. Therefore protection was associated with the induction of IL-10 secretors responsive to mycobacterial antigens (PPD or P180-90) and, in DNA vaccinated animals, to mammalian HSP60. The analysis of TGFβ1 release from LNC taken from all the groups protected from AA, (either by DNA or peptide vaccination), showed an increase in the secretion of TGFβ1 in response to stimulation with mycobacterial antigens and HSP60 or its peptides (FIG. 12D). However, this effect was stronger in DNA-treated rats.

All together, the results suggest that modulation of AA by treatment with specific DNA or peptide is associated with three observations. A, decreased secretion of IFNγ upon stimulation with the HSP65 peptide P178-190. B, the induction HSP60-specific T-cells that secrete IFNγ. C, the appearance of IL-10 and TGFβ1 secretors specific for mycobacterial antigens and HSP60.

Example 12 Inhibition of AA by DNA Vaccines Encoding Human HSP70 and Human Hsp90

The full-length cDNA of human HSP70 (pHSP70) or human HSP90 (pHSP90) were cloned into the pcDNA3 vector. The gene constructs were found to be functional in an in vitro transcription/translation system (data not shown). Rats were immunized with pHSP90 and pHSP70 following the same scheme of vaccination used for pHSP60, and 12 days after the last injection of DNA, AA was induced. FIG. 13A shows that in rats vaccinated with pHSP70 or pHSP90 there was a significant inhibition of AA. Inhibition of AA was also seen as a reduction in the maximal score (FIG. 13B), leg swelling (FIG. 13C) and a significant delay in the mean day of disease onset (FIG. 13D).

In order to gain some insight into the mechanism that mediates prevention of AA by treatment with pHSP70 or pHSP90, the induction of antibodies of the IgG isotype to the antigen encoded by the vector was studied. FIGS. 14A and 14B depict the results obtained for pHSP70- and pHSP90-treated rats respectively. Vaccination with the DNA constructs induced specific antibodies, indicating that both constructs are immunogenic; and the humoral response induced is up-regulated upon induction of AA.

Example 13 Cytokine Secretion and in vitro Proliferation of LNC Isolated from AA Rats Vaccinated with pHSP70 or pHSP90

FIGS. 15A and 15B shows that draining lymph node DLN cells from immunized animals showed a dose response proliferation upon activation with the protein encoded by the immunizing vector. Furthermore, the analysis of the cytokines released in response to antigen-specific stimulation revealed that cells taken from pHSP90-immunized animals secreted both IL-10 and IFNγ in response to activation with HSP90 (FIGS. 16A and 16B). There was no IFNγ or IL-10 secretion when cells from pHSP70-treated animals were stimulated with HSP70 (data not shown).

The immune response to a panel of antigens in DLN cells isolated from pcDNA3-, pHSP70- or pHSP90-treated rats was detected 26 days after the induction of AA. The results are shown in FIG. 17 as the percentage of the proliferation observed in untreated rats. Vaccination with pHSP70 or pHSP90 led to a significant up-regulation in the proliferative response to HSP65, HSP71 and PPD, and this increase in the immune response was stronger in pHSP70 vaccinated rats. To further characterize the nature of the up-regulated immune response in pHSP70- and pHSP90-vaccinated, cytokine secretion in response to in vitro stimulation with the same AA-related antigens was detected. IFNγ secretion in response to stimulation with HSP65, its epitope P176-188 or PPD was down-regulated in animals treated with pHSP70 or pHSP90 (FIG. 18A). In addition, IL-10 secretion was up-regulated upon in vitro activation with PPD, HSP71, HSP65 or HSP60, both in pHSP70- and pHSP90-vaccinated animals (FIG. 18B). Finally, TGFβ1 release upon stimulation with HSP65 and its peptide P176-80 was increased in cells taken from pHSP90-vaccinated animals, and there was a slight but significant release of in response to stimulation with PPD in cells from pHSP70-treated animals (FIG. 18C). Note that the decrease in IFNγ secretion and the concomitant increase in IL-10 and TGFβ1 release was stronger in the group treated with pHSP90; in this group AA was inhibited even more effectively than in pHSP70-immunized rats.

TABLE I Overlapping peptides of human HSP60, region 1-275 Peptide Position Sequence Hu1   1-20 MLRLPTVFRQMRPVSRVLAP Hu2  16-35 RVLAPHLTRAYAKDVKFGAD Hu3  31-50 KFGADARALMLQGVDLLADA (SEQ ID NO: 3) Hu4  46-65 LLADAVAVTMGKGRTVIIE Hu5  61-80 TVIIEQSWGSPKVTKDGVTV Hu6  76-95 DGVTVAKSIDLKDKYKNIGA Hu7  91-110 KNIGAKLVQDVANNTNEEAG Hu8 106-125 NEEAGKGTTTATVLARSIAK Hu9 121-140 RSIAKEGFEKISKGANPVEI Hu10 136-155 NPVEIRRGVMLAVDAVIAEL Hu11 151-170 VIAELKKQSKPVTTPEEIAQ Hu12 166-185 EEIAQVATISANGDKEIGNI Hu13 181-199 EIGNIISDANKKVGRKGVI Hu14 195-214 RKGVITVKDGKTLNDELEII Hu15 210-229 ELEIIEGMKFDRGYISPYFI Hu16 225-244 SPYFINTSKGQKCEFQDAYV Hu17 240-259 QDAYVLLSEKKISSIQSIVP Hu18 255-275 QSIVPALEIANAHRKPLVIIA

TABLE II Plasmids constructed containing overlapping fragments of the hsp60 gene Plasmid Position Corresponding Peptides included pI  1-140 Hu1-Hu9 (a.k.a. P1-P9; SEQ ID NO: 1) pII 130-260 Hu10-Hu18 (a.k.a. P10-P18; SEQ ID NO: 2) pIII 250-410 NS pIV 400-470 NS pIV 460-540 NS The position is expressed as amino acid residue numbers. NS = Not synthesized as individual peptides.

TABLE III Comparison of human HSP60, rat HSP60 and mycobacterial HSP65 in the region corresponding to the Hu3 sequence^(a,b). H. sapiens 31 KFGADARALMLQGVDLLADA 50 R. norvergicus 31 KFGADARALMLQGVDLLADA 50 M. tuberculosis  5 AYDEE ARRGLERG LNALADA 24 ^(a) H sapiens, Homo sapiens; R. norvergicus, Rattus norvergicus; M tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ^(b)Residues sharing identity with the corresponding sequence of human HSP60 are shown in bold, and conserved substitutions are shown as underlined residues.

REFERENCES

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1. A method of treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease, which comprises administering to an individual in need thereof an immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant construct of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a mammalian heat shock protein (HSP), or an active fragment thereof, wherein the heat shock protein is selected from the group consisting of HSP70 and HSP90 wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences, and wherein the immunogenic composition is administered by direct injection, thereby treating the disease, wherein the T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, and wherein the administering of the immunogenic composition results in a shift of the immune response to a Th2 response.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a delivery vehicle selected from the group consisting of liposomes, micelles, emulsions and cells.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered to the individual prior to the appearance of disease symptoms.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered by a route selected from the group consisting of intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular.
 5. The method of claim 1, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining cells from the individual; (b) transfecting the cells ex vivo with the composition comprising the recombinant construct of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heat shock protein or the active fragment thereof; and (c) reintroducing the transfected cells to the individual.
 6. A method of treating a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease, which comprises administering to an individual in need thereof an immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant construct of a nucleic acid sequence encoding mammalian heat shock protein HSP70 (full length), wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences, and wherein the immunogenic composition is administered by direct injection, thereby treating the disease, wherein the T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, and wherein the administering of the immunogenic composition results in a shift of the immune response to a Th2 response.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the composition comprises a delivery vehicle selected from the group consisting of liposomes, micelles, emulsions and cells.
 8. The method of claim 6, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining cells from the individual; (b) transfecting the cells ex vivo with the composition comprising the recombinant construct of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heat shock protein or the active fragment thereof; and (c) reintroducing the transfected cells to the individual.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered by a route selected from the group consisting of intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered to the individual prior to the appearance of disease symptoms.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammalian heat shock protein is human HSP70.
 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the HSP70 is human HSP70.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is a human.
 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the individual is a human. 